Bachelor of Law

Course Code:

BLAW 1310

Course Name:

Introduction to Law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

This course introduces the constitutive elements of a legal system, the nature and methods of law, and the general theory of law and the theory of rights. It focuses on thinking, speaking, and writing clearly. The course also explores the concept, classification and subjects of rights as well as the legal reasoning and analysis. The course emphasizes the concept and scope of application and interpretation of

law in general including Islamic Law.

Course Code:

BLAW 1320

Course Name:

Introduction to Islamic Shari’ah

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

This course introduces the fundamentals of Shari’ah in relation to law and the implementation of the laws derived from the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah in an Islamic based judicial system such as the Kingdom. It focuses on assessing, reviewing and addressing the importance of

different sources of Islamic law. The course also explores the most important theories in Shari’ah law, especially in contract and crimes.

Course Code:

BLAW 1350

Course Name:

Constitutional Law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

Constitutional Law is a field of law that focuses on the study and interpretation of a country's constitution—the fundamental legal document that establishes the structure of government, delineates the powers and duties of government institutions, and protects the rights and liberties of individuals. It is a foundational area of legal study that

explores the principles, doctrines, and legal precedents shaping the relationships between the government and its citizens

Course Code:

BLAW 2311

Course Name:

Sources of Voluntary Obligations

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 1310 Introduction to Law (A)

Course Description:

This course introduces the fundamental principles of contract law, including the formation, performance and interpretation of contracts, and the consequences of failure to perform contracts. It explores the theory, concepts and rules that guide the operation of agreements. The course emphasizes how contracts differ from other forms of liability, and examines and discusses several cases decided by national courts.

This course also provides an overview of the practical, social and moral context in which contract law operates.

Course Code:

BLAW 1340

Course Name:

Commercial Law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

This course introduces the theoretical doctrines and practical applications of commercial law. It focuses on Saudi trade regulations that apply to individuals and commercial establishments. This course emphasizes the differences between civil and commercial actions and explains the legal requirements to become a merchant. Additionally,

the course offers an in-depth examination of bankruptcy laws.

Course Code:

BLAW 1321

Course Name:

Personal Status Law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

This course introduces the Shari’ah framework for family law. It explores the legal standards governing adult couple/domestic relationships and parent/child relationships within Shari’ah law. It focuses on the Islamic jurisprudence on engagement, marriage contracts and conditions, the rights and obligations of the married couple, divorce and the rules governing child custody. This course emphasizes the development of

oral and negotiation skills, and the mediation and conflict resolution procedures.

Course Code:

BLAW 1330

Course Name:

Criminal Law I

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

This course introduces the basic foundations of criminal law and the main sources of criminal law and, the general principles underlying its theory and operation. The course explores the principles and core concepts of criminal law that are relevant to the major legal systems of the world. It focuses on crimes against the person based on Shari’ah

law and other selected legal systems, and on the legal reasoning that supports criminal law cases.

Course Code:

BLAW 2314

Course Name:

Evidence

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 1310 Introduction to Law (A)

Course Description:

This course introduces a detailed study of the rules of evidence in civil, commercial and criminal litigation. It explores the fundamental rules of evidence, which are critical in a court room setting. It focuses additionally on the current issues within the law of evidence and on the ways legal principles and rules are applied, as well as on thinking, speaking, and writing clearly. This course explores several cases adjudicated upon by national courts and reviews admissibility and

exclusion of evidence, how evidence is obtained, and the burden of proof, the different types of testimonies and privilege, and confession.

Course Code:

BLAW 2315

Course Name:

Consequences of Obligations

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 2311 Sources of Voluntary Obligations (A)

Course Description:

This course introduces different types of obligations and illustrates the rules relating to enforcing, transferring and replacing obligations under Saudi Arabian law. It explores the ways in which a debt can be paid and the process by which a creditor is protected. The course focuses on the consequences of breaching obligations, the applicable rules

and procedures involving the replacement of an obligation, and the different ways in which the obligations may be discharged.

Course Code:

BLAW 2331

Course Name:

Criminal Law II

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 1330 Criminal Law I (A)

Course Description:

This course introduces the criminal law based on Shari’ah. The course

focuses on the definition, elements and punishment of several important money-related crimes, crimes against public interest, and

offences against the property. The course also explores theories and arguments about the justifications for punishment, including current debates about sentencing. It additionally addresses the criminal legal procedures that apply principally to the police and prior to the initiation of a criminal case, including ways of apprehending and

interrogating a suspect. This course also highlights the practical applications and problems that confront the criminal practitioner.

Course Code:

BLAW 3316

Course Name:

Property Law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 2315 Consequences of Obligations

Course Description:

This course introduces the fundamental principles of English property law, Islamic property law and property law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It explores property rights in relation to Land and deal with their definition, development, acquisition and transfer. The course focuses on the personal and private property rights as well as on the third-party interests in land such as Mortgages and Charges. The course

also emphasizes the three different systems of Property Law and their methodologies.

Course Code:

BLAW 2313

Course Name:

Labor Law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 1310 Introduction to Law (A)

Course Description:

This course introduces the basic provisions of an employment contract and differentiates between employment contracts and other contracts. It provides an in-depth analysis of the Saudi Arabian Labor Law and its By-Laws, and explores the difference between the obligations that an employee has under the Saudi Arabian Labor Law and the obligations that an employer has towards employees. The

course also emphasizes the welfare insurance, the Social Insurance Law and specifically the consequences of sustaining an injury at work.

Course Code:

BLAW 3371

Course Name:

Legal Drafting (English)

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 2312 Contract Law (E)

Course Description:

This course focuses on developing the legal writing and drafting skills needed for drafting a variety of documents that range from memoranda to agreements and contracts. The course additionally illustrates ways of conducting legal research such as researching case law and legislation and applying such research to a client’s situation. It also

explores the drafting and interpretation of legislation.

Course Code:

BLAW 3351

Course Name:

Administrative Law I

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 1310 Introduction to Law

Course Description:

This course introduces students to the legal framework that regulates activity within the public sector. It explores the law that controls state government agencies and examines how these agencies implement statutory programs. It also addresses the main principles and rules that govern the relationships between the individual and the state in an administrative context. This course covers topics such as centralized government and non-centralized government, administrative actions and decisions, public funds, administrative

contracts, public employees.

Course Code:

BLAW 2341

Course Name:

Arbitration Legal System

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 1340 Commercial Law

Course Description:

This course explores arbitration as a conflict resolution technique. It examines domestic and international law. It explains principles and practice relating to commercial arbitration and relevant case law. The course looks at the advantages and disadvantages of arbitration as a means of dispute resolution; the arbitration agreement; choice of law issues; appointment and authority of arbitrators; arbitration proceedings; provisional remedies; rendering an award; judicial oversight over awards; recognizing, enforcing and setting aside awards. This course investigates practice and practical methods on how to be

an effective advocate in the arbitration process.

Course Code:

BLAW 3370

Course Name:

Legal Drafting (Arabic)

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 2312 Contract Law (A)

Course Description:

The course introduces the basic documentation used in legal practice. It focuses on the development of the legal writing and drafting skills in the Arabic language. It focuses on the main elements that make up

letter writing, and provides the tools and skills required to draft memorandums, notices, legal opinions and legislation.

Course Code:

BLAW 3317

Course Name:

Advocacy Law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 2314 Evidence

Course Description:

This course provides a detailed overview of the Saudi Arabian judiciary system, the Shari’ah jurisprudence and its significance and impact on the Saudi Arabian judiciary system. The course also illustrates the procedural aspects of a case, ranging from how a case is started in courts by submitting a claim to the different decisions that may be taken by court in respect of a particular case. It describes the process by which judicial verdicts are issued and also examines the appeal process. The course differentiates between the various courts in Saudi Arabia and also analyzes problems relating to jurisdiction.

The course additionally evaluates fundamental concepts of litigation.

Course Code:

BLAW 4342

Course Name:

Intellectual Property Law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 2341 Arbitration Legal System

Course Description:

This course provides a detailed overview of intellectual property law. It focuses on the most important areas of intellectual property, namely copyright, patents, industrial design, trademarks and trade secrets. The course focuses on the intellectual property laws of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It also emphasizes the impact of the World Trade Organization agreements on intellectual property law in general, and

the impact of the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights agreement and other international intellectual property treaties in particular.

Course Code:

BLAW 2360

Course Name:

Public International Law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 1310 Introduction to Law (A)

Course Description:

This course introduces the law governing relations among states. It emphasizes the basic concepts and problems of public international law and the underlying principles of the international legal system. The course explores the sources and subjects of international law, international law and the use of force, diplomacy law, state liability and the relationship between international law and the domestic law of states. This course has a practical significance for work related to

international organizations or the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.

Course Code:

BLAW 4322

Course Name:

Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 1320 Introduction to Islamic Shari'ah (A)

Course Description:

This course provides a general overview of the meaning and function of Usul al-Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) in relation to the process of ijtihad. The course focuses on the origin and development of Islamic legal theory and on the meaning of the rules of the Shari’ah (al-Ahkam) together with the methods of deriving them from the Qur’an and

Sunnah.

Course Code:

BLAW 4318

Course Name:

Execution of Judgment Procedures

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 3317 Advocacy Law (A)

Course Description:

This course provides an in-depth analysis of the execution of judgments in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It focuses on differentiating between the methods of execution and on distinguish between the types of execution orders. The course also explores the types of attachments that may be made as security for the payment of debt. It emphasizes the difference between tangible and intangible assets and the impact of executing orders relating to attachments should a debtor fail to pay his

debt.

Course Code:

BLAW 3343

Course Name:

Corporate Law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 2341 Arbitration Legal System (E)

Course Description:

This course aims to provide an overview of all the rules relating to establishing companies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It focuses on the differences among Limited Liability Company, a joint company, and a partnership amongst other forms of establishments that may be set up in Saudi Arabia. The course emphasizes the various procedures of establishing companies before the Ministry of Commerce and Industry

and other government entities in Saudi Arabia.

Course Code:

BLAW 4361

Course Name:

Private International law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 3343 Corporate Law

Course Description:

This course introduces the major rules and legal aspects of Private International Law. It focuses on the complex issue of conflict of laws, which arises when a dispute involves different jurisdictions and legal systems. This course also explores the rules applicable under domestic and international law governing the following subjects: court jurisdiction, applicable laws, rules for the choice of law and

enforcement of foreign judgments and awards.

Course Code:

BLAW 2312

Course Name:

Contract Law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 1310 Introduction to Law (E)

Course Description:

This course provides an overview of the fundamental principles and legal aspects of Contract Law. It focuses on the essential rules governing the formation, interpretation, and enforcement of contracts. Additionally, the course examines key topics such as the rights and obligations of parties, the impact of breach of contract, and available remedies. Additionally, course highlight the function of contracts in

domestic and international contexts.

Course Code:

BLAW 4332

Course Name:

Criminal Legal Procedures

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 2331 Criminal Law II (A)

Course Description:

The academic course on "Criminal Legal Procedures" provides students with an in-depth understanding of the procedural aspects involved in the criminal justice system. This course aims to equip students with the knowledge and skills necessary to navigate the various stages of

criminal proceedings, from investigation to post-conviction relief.

Course Code:

BLAW 3352

Course Name:

Legal environment of media, sport, and tourism

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 2312 Contract Law + BLAW 2315 Consequences of Obligations

Course Description:

The course on the "Legal Environment of Media, Sport, and Tourism" explores the legal frameworks and issues surrounding these three interconnected and dynamic industries: media, sports, and tourism. The course provides students with an understanding of the legal

structures that govern these sectors and the unique challenges and opportunities they present.

Course Code:

BLAW 3353

Course Name:

Tax and Income

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 3351 Administrative Law

Course Description:

This course introduces the legal regime of taxation in Saudi Arabia. It gives a working knowledge of the basic principles and rules of the income tax system as these apply to individuals and commercial businesses. It explores the major theories and policy decisions that underpin the taxation mechanism and assesses the advantages and the problems of the current Saudi taxation system. It reviews the basic principles of income tax, corporate tax, capital profit taxes and value added tax. This course also focuses on the means of developing and

implementing taxation law.

Course Code:

BLAW 3372

Course Name:

Internship

Credit Hours:

3 (0,6)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 3317 Advocacy Law + BLAW 3370 Legal Drafting (A)

Course Description:

The purpose of this course is to provide the student with the opportunity to apply the knowledge gained from the different courses taught in the program. The student will train at Law firms as well as legal departments in private and public sectors to be able to gain hands-on experience from the practicum settings. The student will

witness and participate in the drafting and reviewing of legal contracts, legal memoranda, and research specific to real life situations.

Course Code:

BLAW 4373

Course Name:

Research Project I

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 3371 Legal Drafting (E) + GERM 3301 Research Methodology

Course Description:

This course explores the sources, methods and methodology, process, and strategies of legal research in a systematic manner. It is divided into two parts: the first part deals with the theoretical underpinnings to legal research, while the second follows a hands-on practical approach to legal writing. The course develops the basic necessary skills,

knowledge and tools for effective and efficient legal research and enables an in-depth study of a chosen area of law.

Course Code:

BLAW 4374

Course Name:

Research Project II

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 4373 Research Project I

Course Description:

This course focuses on the practical application of research methodologies and techniques to address real-world problems or challenges within the field of law. Students typically engage in hands- on research projects where they identify a problem, design a research plan, collect and analyze data, and propose practical solutions or recommendations based on their findings. Emphasis is placed on developing critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills

essential for translating research into actionable insights. This course prepares students for careers in the legal sector.

Course Code:

BLAW 4344

Course Name:

Bankruptcy

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

BLAW 3343 Corporate Law

Course Description:

This course offers a through overview of bankruptcy law, covering both consumer and business bankruptcy. It will highlight key concepts and detailed regulations under Saudi Arabian law, including the associated

procedures, as well as provide practical insights into real-world applications.

Course Code:

BLAW 4346

Course Name:

Capital Market Regulations

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

The course on "Capital Market Regulations" is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the legal and regulatory frameworks that govern capital markets. Capital markets play a crucial role in the global economy by facilitating the flow of capital between investors and entities in need of funding. This course delves into the laws, regulations, and structures that govern the

issuance and trading of securities, aiming to ensure fair and transparent financial markets.

Course Code:

BLAW 4345

Course Name:

Insurance Law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

The course on "Insurance Law" is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the legal principles and regulatory frameworks that govern the insurance industry. Covering a range of topics from the formation of insurance contracts to the resolution of claims and emerging issues in the field, this course aims to equip students with the knowledge and skills needed to

navigate the complex legal landscape of insurance.

Course Code:

BLAW 3364

Course Name:

International Sales of Goods

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

This course introduces the law governing contracts of sale and international transactions. It explores the nature and function of the law of international sales and deals with the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 (CISG) and the

Incoterms. The course also focuses on the duties of sellers and buyers, as well as the remedies available in cases of breach in sales contracts.

Course Code:

BLAW 3323

Course Name:

Islamic Banking and Finance

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

This course will provide a detailed overview of Islamic finance and banking. It will explore the main features of the Islamic economic system and specifically what is prohibited in Islamic finance. The course will also analyze the main products offered under Islamic finance including, but not limited to, Murabaha, Ijarah and Istisna’a. The course distinguishes Takaful as an alternative to conventional insurance. The course will also explain the concept of Sukuk and its place in Islamic securities regulation. Students will also differentiate between several forms of partnership. The course will also examine the common

criticism of Islamic finance and banking.

Course Code:

BLAW 3365

Course Name:

International Investment Law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

The course provides an overview of international investment law, and the efforts made on an international level to regulate and protect foreign investment, specifically the protection afforded by bilateral treaties. The course also explores and provides analysis for the current issues and challenges facing foreign investment law. The course gives an in-depth explanation of how foreigners may invest in Saudi Arabia, as well as the foreign investment law, its impact and practical

application when trying to invest in Saudi Arabia.

Course Code:

BLAW 3366

Course Name:

International Trade Law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

This course introduces the international trade regime built upon the World Trade Organization (WTO). It gives an overview of the nature and legal framework of international rights and obligations with respect to international trade and investment. It also explores the main characteristics of WTO agreements and the relationship between Saudi law and international rules and obligations. The course also focuses on the main features of substantive obligations in the trade and investment field. It emphasizes the ways disagreements in the interpretation and implementation of these agreements are settled through discussion, negotiation, and dispute resolution mechanisms

based on the WTO agreements.

Course Code:

BLAW 3354

Course Name:

Cyber Law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

The Cyber Law course offers a comprehensive study of the legal frameworks, principles, and regulations governing cyberspace and digital technologies. As the digital landscape continues to evolve rapidly, understanding the legal implications and challenges associated with cyberspace is crucial for individuals and organizations alike. This course provides students with an in-depth examination of various legal issues arising in cyberspace, including but not limited to cybersecurity, data privacy, intellectual

property rights, digital commerce, cybercrimes, and regulatory compliance.

Course Code:

BLAW 4375

Course Name:

Moot Court & Litigation Skills (Arabic)

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

The course provides the practical skills necessary for competent professional legal service, in particular skills relating to litigation. It comprises of both civil, commercial, and criminal litigation skills. It focuses on how to litigate a case from start to finish by developing a full range of both pretrial and trial practice skills. The course also emphasizes the various areas of civil legal procedures, criminal legal procedures and evidence. It culminates in a final mock trial

which brings together the skills acquired throughout the course.

Course Code:

BLAW 3347

Course Name:

Maritime and Shipping Law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

This course will explain the modern principles of maritime and

shipping law. It will describe how ships are sold, purchased, mortgaged, registered and managed. Issues relating to collisions at sea salvage and towage will also be examined. Students will debate on the exclusion and limitation of liability in relation to shipping law and specifically discuss admiralty jurisdiction. The course will also differentiate between the carriage of goods and passengers and the rights of the master of the ship and the crew. Students will also be provided with an

overview of Saudi Arabian maritime laws.

Course Code:

BLAW 3348

Course Name:

International Aviation Law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

This course is intended as an introduction to aviation law. The course will cover the basic legal framework of aviation law including Saudi Law, international treaties and regulations as well as choice of law issues relating to aviation accident litigation. Related topics will include aviation insurance, airport land use, aircraft ownership and

aviation accident investigation and reconstruction.

Course Code:

BLAW 33586

Course Name:

Administrative Contracts

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

This course is intended to discover the details of administrative contracts through a thorough exploration. It delves into the principles and applications underlying these agreements. It offers an in-depth examination of legal frameworks governing administrative contracts. Understand the significance of these contracts within regulatory contexts and their impact on administrative processes. It provides practical insights and theoretical understanding essential for

navigating the complexities of administrative contracting in various legal settings.

Course Code:

BLAW 3357

Course Name:

Administrative Judiciary

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

This course dives into the complexities of administrative law and judiciary systems with a focus on administrative decision-making processes. It explores the roles and functions of administrative tribunals and courts. This course offers a comprehensive understanding of the legal frameworks governing administrative judiciary. It provides practical insights into the application of administrative law principles within judicial contexts. Develop critical

thinking skills essential for navigating administrative disputes and legal challenges.

Course Code:

BLAW 3362

Course Name:

International Human Rights Law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

This course traces the historic development of human rights within the context of international law. It examines the important role of the United Nations in the development of multilateral human rights and analyses the different sources of international human rights, their legal status, limitations and enforcement mechanisms. The course explains

the relationship between a state’s international human rights

obligations and enforcement in domestic legal systems.

Course Code:

BLAW 4367

Course Name:

European Union Law

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

This course provides the basic working knowledge of the European Union and its laws and the background that led to the development of the European Union. It explores the institutions of the European Union, their powers and the impact of the European Union laws on relevant case law of its member states particularly with reference to discrimination and equality. The course also focuses on the free movement of goods, persons, establishment and the right to provide

services which are commonly termed as the “four freedoms”.

Course Code:

BLAW 4376

Course Name:

Moot Court (English)

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

This course introduces the fundamental principles of English property law, Islamic property law and property law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It explores property rights in relation to Land and deal with their definition, development, acquisition and transfer. The course focuses on the personal and private property rights as well as on the third-party interests in land such as Mortgages and Charges. The

course also emphasizes the three different systems of Property Law and their methodologies.

Course Code:

BLAW 4377

Course Name:

Legal Professional Skills

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

This course focuses on introducing the legal skills required by lawyers in practice. It aims to bridge the gap between the academic study of a law student and, the practical experience of a lawyer, by assisting in developing the skills required to succeed as law students and, future legal professionals. The course explores oral legal communication in practice as well as written legal communication skills in practice. The course in addition examines methods of practical legal research as well as critical thinking to support the oral and written communication skills analysed. The course emphasizes thinking, speaking, and writing clearly preparing students for professional practice with a focus on

simulations and practical exercises supported by theory.

Course Code:

BLAW 4349

Course Name:

Corporate Governance

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None

Course Description:

This course provides an introduction to corporate law and governance topics, from both theoretical and practical perspectives. This course would also discuss corporate social responsibility specifically tailored for legal professionals. This course aims deepen students understanding of the legal framework and social context in which

corporations operate.

Course Code:

BLAW 4323

Course Name:

Business Crimes

Credit Hours:

3 (3,0)

Prerequisites:

None